A phronetic iterative analysis of decisions to disclose negative feelings about others' (non)compliance with recommended covid precaution behaviors

The current study analyzed 212 college students' decisions to express or suppress negative feelings about the extent to which others enact recommended COVID-19 precaution behaviors. Using a phronetic iterative analysis, participant experiences were examined in terms of (a) choices to express or suppress their negative feelings and (b) the reasons underlying their disclosure decisions. Significant themes emerged with both response categories. The themes and study findings are discussed in relation to privacy management, subjective norms, and bystander intervention work. Further implications of these findings are also discussed in their extension of and relevance to existing work on compliance-centered interventions and disclosure decisions in health-related contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Traversing the storm: An interdisciplinary review of crisis leadership

An organizational crisis is a low-probability, high-impact event that threatens the survival of organizations and individuals, often with little warning. In response, people seek clarity, reassurance, and hope from organiza-tional leaders. Yet, crises also vary in nature and impact (e.g., a product failure versus the COVID-19 pan-demic), which presents diverse challenges to leaders and differing stakeholder perceptions. Based on a critical analysis of 69 empirical articles, we provide a comprehensive, systematic, interdisciplinary review of the crisis leadership literature. Our review utilizes the Coombs and Holladay (1996) crisis typology, where crises are categorized according to mutually exclusive attributional dimensions (i.e., internal-external and intentional-unintentional). We conduct a thematic analysis of crisis leadership within and across these four cri-sis categories and find that each is associated with a different leadership theme. We also examine the method-ological quality and rigor of the qualitative and quantitative articles in our review. Based on our findings, we also offer suggestions to guide future crisis leadership research, and provide guidance for organizational lead-ers in how to respond to various crises.

COVID-19 and fear, which comes first?

Today people have a few unanswered questions in their mind, such as "Do negative emotions will co-survive with the COVID-19 pandemic? Which one is worse? Which one will disappear quicker? Is there any connection between negative emotions and being infected by COVID-19 or the severity of infected individuals' symptoms? How are we supposed to live with COVID-19 and adapt our emotional system to the virus for more than one upcoming year? These uncertainties could result in massive pressure on people. While there is no clear consensus regarding what establishes psychological stress on an individual, the effect of negative affect and psychological stress on increased susceptibility to disease due to altered immune functions is well established. Here we are going through the possible effect of emotions associated with the present pandemic on COVID-19 course of disease and severity of symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Platform-centric vs. multi-party service failure: an examination of consumers' negative word of mouth about sharing economy platforms

PurposeThis paper aims to identify platform-centric versus multiparty service failure on sharing economy platforms via topic modeling analysis of consumers' negative online reviews. The authors also sought to understand consumers' reactions to these experiences by detecting negative discrete emotions. The authors then contrasted consumers' responses to platform-centric and multiparty service failure through the theoretical lens of failure controllability.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used a large-scale data set containing more than 81,000 negative app reviews on eight representative hospitality and tourism sharing economy platforms. Topic modeling coupled with emotion detection algorithms revealed 11 themes reflecting diverse forms of platform-centric versus multiparty service failure and their associations with negative discrete emotions based on regression analysis.FindingsThe 11 themes reflecting diverse forms of platform-centric versus multiparty service failure were as follows: app glitch, customer service, locating and pooling, account issues, transaction, offer redemption, interface challenges, intermediary inaction, service lateness and cancellation, incorrect order and fee structure. The analysis suggests that platform-centric service failure is more likely than multiparty service failure to elicit negative discrete emotions.Originality/valueThe research enriches the understanding of platform-related service failure beyond dyadic service interaction. In particular, the authors bring to light two forms of platform-related service failure that warrant scholarly attention: platform-centric versus multiparty service failure. By uncovering the distinct negative emotional associations of platform-centric versus multiparty service failure, the research adds novel empirical evidence to the service failure literature and the relevant attribution theory. Findings offer long-term implications for the sustainable development of sharing economies and platform businesses in contemporary hospitality.

Dream changes across the first three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy

The 2019 novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) has strongly impacted the world. Recent research findings found significant effects of the pandemic on dreaming. We investigated sociodemographic, COVID-19-related variables, and oneiric activity (by the Most Recent Dream) during the first, the second, and the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in three matched samples, for a total of 600 Italian adult subjects (82.7% women;aged 18-81 years, M = 30.4, SD = 13.3). Results indicated that: (a) the majority of participants were medium recallers;(b) during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, participants reported higher negative emotions and longer dreams;(c) during the second wave, participants reported higher positive emotions and lower presence of sensory impressions in their dreams;(d) during the third wave, participants reported lower positive emotions in their dreams;and (e) participants knowing a COVID-19 death reported shorter dreams and higher negative emotions in their dreams, while student participants reported longer and more realistic dreams. Results of the quali-quantitative analyses revealed recurring themes in the Most Recent Dreams, as well as a strong continuity with the waking experience, especially focused on family and friends, as well as on places where the quarantine was lived and on the outside world. In sum, the findings of this study indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic understood as a high-impact and traumatic event, significantly affects people's dreams, especially in terms of elicited emotions, as well as in terms of themes related to the pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Binge-watching in times of COVID-19: A longitudinal examination of changes in affect and TV series consumption patterns during lockdown

COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns have had major negative effects on individuals' mental health and psychological well-being. Isolated at home, people may engage in recreational activities such as binge-watching (i.e., viewing multiple episodes of a TV series in 1 session) as a strategy to regulate emotional states. This is the first longitudinal study assessing changes in TV series viewing patterns during the first COVID-19 lockdown and examining whether binge-watching was associated with changes in positive and negative affect throughout this period. TV series viewing practices and motivations, binge-watching behaviors, psychopathological symptoms, and affective states were jointly assessed through a 6-week longitudinal online survey at 3 time points (i.e., T1, T2, and T3), in Belgium, France, and Switzerland. Results showed significant increases in individuals' watching habits (e.g., higher daily time spent viewing, expansion of coviewing practices). Results from the longitudinal analyses principally showed that male gender and social motives for TV series watching predicted a decrease in negative affect levels. A problematic binge-watching pattern characterized by loss of control was the single predictor of an increase in negative affect over time. These findings suggest that TV series watching patterns effectively increased during the first COVID-19 lockdown. Watching TV series for social motives emerged as a protective factor, whereas problematic binge-watching seemed to act as a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy throughout these unprecedented circumstances. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) Impact Statement This is the first large-scale longitudinal study specifically designed to explore the impact of TV series viewing practices on individuals' affective states during the first COVID-19 lockdown. TV series consumption patterns significantly increased over this period. Problematic binge-watching characterized by loss of control seemed to act as a maladaptive strategy to regulate emotional states, whereas watching TV series for social motives emerged as a protective factor in the lockdown context. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Pursuing, developing, and letting go of a passionate activity when facing adversity during a pandemic: Associations with well-being and ill-being

This research explored the role of passion when facing the COVID-19 pandemic. In three studies, we investigated the role of engaging in a pre-existing passionate activity (Studies 1 and 2), developing a new passionate activity (Studies 2 and 3), and letting go of an unavailable passionate activity (Study 3) during the pandemic. Emotions experienced when engaging in the passionate activity were examined as mediators in the relationships between the passionate engagement and psychological health. Results showed that harmonious passions (HPs) for pre-existing (Studies 1 to 3) and new activities (Studies 2 and 3) were positively related to well-being via positive emotions. HPs for pre-existing (Study 1) and new activities (Studies 2 and 3) were also negatively related to ill-being through their negative relationships with negative emotions and the positive link between a HP for a new activity and disengagement from an unavailable passionate activity (Study 3). Conversely, obsessive passions (OPs) for pre-existing (Study 1) and new activities (Study 2) were positively related to well-being, but also to negative emotions and ill-being (Studies 1 to 3). In sum, when facing a major negative event, HPs for pre-existing and new activities were positively related to more positive psychological outcomes than OPs. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

The experience of family members who have had a loved one in physical restraint in a critical care setting during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study using a phenomenological design

Limited accounts of family members' experiences with loved ones who have been physically restrained in ICU settings (Ones, 2020;Singer et al., 2020) have left a gap in providing respectful, responsive patient care. One study estimated that physical restraint was being used at the rate of 50 per 1,000 patient days. Currently, it is estimated that approximately 27,000 people are placed in physical restraints each day in U.S. hospitals. ICUs are responsible for 56% of all restraint days, despite accounting for only 16% of all patient days (Mion, 2008). According to Abdeljawad and Mrayyan (2016), patients may experience trauma with the use of these devices. In order to better comprehend the effects following physical restraint use, this dissertation explored the perceptions of family members with loved ones who have been physically restrained, with a focus on their application in critical care settings during the COVID-19 pandemic.While no scientific evidence of physical restraint efficacy is available, there is much evidence of its risk. Another study reported that in hospitals in the United States, the prevalence of using physical restraints is approximately with 53% of all patients. Further, the prevalence of using restraints on patients in critical care units is 75%. With the increased use of physical restraint, the mortality and morbidity rates are expected to increase, due to serious consequences of physical restraint that can result in confusion, deconditioning, pressure injuries, strangulation, death, and adverse psychological effects (Rakhmatullina et al., 2013). In the extant literature, limited studies have explored family members' experiences of loved ones being physically restrained (Ones, 2020). The findings from this study included the following themes: Theme 1: Having to Deal with Complications and Difficulties Encountered Preceding, During, and Post Hospitalization;Theme 2: Experiences That Are Identified as Negative;Theme 3: Understanding of Hospital Staff Intentions;Theme 4: The Need for Physical Restraint Intervention (PRI) May Be Justifiable but Stirs up Negative Emotions;and Theme 5: Feelings of Ambivalence Associated with PRI. The study provides an understanding of family members' perception of these experiences. These insights may help health care clinicians improve the experience of patient care, safety, and quality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Communication challenges due to coronavirus epidemic with loneliness and negative emotions mediated by forgiveness characteristic

The aim of this research was to study the relationship of the communication challenges caused by coronavirus epidemic with loneliness and negative emotions along with the mediating role of forgiveness. The method was descriptive-correlative based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population included Tehran citizens who had experienced the home quarantine. The sample size was selected based on Cochran's formula equal to 384 people, by Convenience sampling method. The questionnaires were completed voluntarily by online survey. Russell et al.'s loneliness, Watson et al.'s negative emotion, Holland et al.'s Forgiveness Scale and the researcher-made communication challenge questionnaire were used in order to gather data. The reliabilities of research tools based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient were confirmed. Findings showed that the mediating role of forgiveness in the relationship of communication challenges with negative emotions and loneliness was significant, but the mediating role of forgiveness in social communication could mitigate these negative consequences. Accordingly, it is suggested that the development of personality traits be emphasized in education and in families in order to mitigate the negative consequences of communication challenges caused by crises in today's turbulent world. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Cross-Theoretical Compliance: An Integrative Compliance Analysis of COVID-19 Mitigation Responses in Israel

To understand the question why people obey or break rules, different approaches have focused on different theories and subsets of variables. The present research develops a cross-theoretical approach that integrates these perspectives. We apply this in a survey of compliance with COVID-19 pandemic mitigation rules in Israel. The data reveal that compliance in this setting was shaped by a combination of variables originating from legitimacy, capacity, and opportunity theories (but not rational choice or social theories). This demonstrates the importance of moving beyond narrow theoretical perspectives of compliance, to a cross-theoretical understanding—in which different theoretical approaches are systematically integrated.

Predictors of Feeling of Threat Caused by COVID-19 Pandemic, the Distinctive Effects of Automatic vs. Reflective Emotions.

The worldwide pandemic that started in December 2019 was a cause of a great rise in the feeling of threat in society. A feeling of threat and distress can be influenced by the span of emotions experienced by a person, and as it is rather clear, that the situation of pandemic evokes negative emotions, they can range from fear to depression, to even disgust. In this study, we wanted to verify the influence of the negative emotions of automatic origin, related to the well-being and homeostasis of the organism and the negative emotions of reflective origin, which are related to social constructs, on the feeling of threat caused by the pandemic outbreak. We expected automatic emotions to have a greater influence on the feeling of threat. We used an online questionnaire to measure the intensity of negative emotions and the feeling of threat among Polish participants in the time of the early outbreak of the pandemic (March-April 2020). Regression analyses were used to identify the predictors of the feeling of threat. The results show the distinctive effect of automatic and reflective groups of emotions. While automatic emotions always increased the feeling of threat, the reflective emotions suppressed the distress, especially in the group of middle-aged and elderly participants. As reflective emotions are developing in the process of socialization, the observed results could suggest, that young people do not process the situation of the pandemic in reflective categories, which leaves them more worried about the situation. We suggest, that promoting reflective thinking can be helpful in interventions in the cases of anxiety caused by the pandemic, as well as in social communication regarding the topic of the pandemic.

Elderly Users' Emotional and Behavioral Responses to Self-Service Technology in Fast-Food Restaurants.

While COVID-19 has accelerated digital transformation, increasing labor costs and 52-h workweek rules are replacing human labor with self-service technologies (SSTs). Self-service technology is increasingly being implemented in restaurant settings. However, the elderly, who have relatively lower levels of digital literacy, are being excluded from services that can alleviate the economic and social difficulties of their daily lives. This study thus aims to explain how elderly users feel about and respond to SST in fast-food restaurants. An off-site survey was conducted with individuals who had experience using SST. We analyzed the data using the partial least squares structural equation modeling method by SmartPLS 3.0. The results showed that SST's reduction, perceived ease of use of SST, and perceived time pressure significantly influenced users' negative emotions toward the SST. However, perceived physical condition and perceived crowding did not have significant influences on users' emotions. In empirically investigating individuals' negative emotions toward and coping strategies for challenges posed by SST, this study emphasizes the development of a nationwide digital inclusion policy that can help bridge the digital divide.

Emotional contagion as a trigger for moral disengagement: Their effects on workplace injuries

The purpose of this study was to empirically test the proposition that contagion of emotions triggers moral disengagement and subsequent increases in work-related injuries. Using emotional contagion and social cognitive theories, we tested the proposition that higher contagion of anger (i.e., a negative emotion that interferes with mental functioning and enables inappropriate behavior) would trigger moral justifications for safety violations, whereas higher contagion of joy (i.e., a positive emotion accompanied by an optimal operating condition and constructive activity) would prevent safety-related moral disengagement. In turn, moral disengagement was predicted to be related to higher rates of subsequent workplace injuries. Using a cross-country and multi-method (i.e., cross-lagged, cross-sectional) design, data from 503 employees in the U.S. (two-wave) and 538 employees in Italy (cross-sectional) supported the hypothesized mediation model. Specifically, both in the U.S. and Italy, emotional contagion of anger positively predicted moral disengagement, whereas emotional contagion of joy negatively predicted moral disengagement. Furthermore, moral disengagement positively predicted experienced injuries and partially mediated the relationship between contagion of joy/anger and injuries. These findings suggest that moral justifications of safety violations, and related injuries, may be prevented by exchanges of positive emotions (and triggered by exchanges of negative emotions) that employees absorb during social interactions at work. Theoretical and practical implications for organizational ethics are discussed in light of the globally increasing emotional pressure and concerns for a safe and psychologically healthy environment in today's workplace, particularly given the recent pandemic spread of Coronavirus disease (CoVid-19). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Body-related predictors of depression: a cross-sectional study among adults during COVID-19

The aim of our study was to identify body-related predictors (quality of life, negative emotions, body dissatisfaction) of depression during the COVID-19 pandemic while controlling for sex, age and BMI. Participants (N = 167, Mage = 37.70 years ± 11.37) completed: the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory, the short form of the Situational Inventory of Body Image Dysphoria, the Contour Drawing Rating Scale and the socio-demographic survey. Body-related quality of life had the most credible and negative association among the included predictors. Body-related negative emotions and body dissatisfaction were both positively and credibly related, with similar strength. Our outcomes mean that body image attitudes and emotions, and the extent to which these impact on quality of life during COVID-19 are important in predicting the level of depression symptoms. Expanding the scope of knowledge in this field will help to understand the mechanisms generating relationships between depression and body image, especially in the context of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and will allow for more effective assistance in the treatment of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Advances in Mental Health is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Women experiencing and transforming terror and death anxiety during COVID-19

During times of crises, humanistic-existential experiences can become extreme in terms of how individuals cope with negative emotions. Research during the year 2020 has shown that on the one hand, women are more challenged on different levels than men with regard to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. On the other hand, women leaders have shown high-quality leadership to guide nations through the crisis. This study sought to explore the humanistic-existential experiences of women through the terror management theory and from a qualitative perspective. It used a qualitative research paradigm with a hermeneutical research approach and purposeful and snowball sampling. The sample consisted of 16 women aged between 22 and 81 years and of 10 different nationalities who encountered COVID-19 themselves or experienced it in their family, colleagues, or friends. Data were collected from qualitative questionnaires/written interviews and analyzed through content analysis. Data are reported in a qualitative reporting style;quality criteria are presented and limitations discussed. Ethical considerations are addressed. Findings show that women are impacted by negative emotions, in particular anxiety and fear, which they cope with in different ways and which contribute to their meaning making. Conclusions and recommendations for future research and psychological practice are given. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Emoji use in online communication with emerging adults: The impact on ambiguity, affect, and social connection

The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent social distancing guidelines has had a great impact on society. Emerging adults (ages 18-29) specifically are struggling as their need for social connection is critical to their mental health. However, the lack of nonverbal cues in electronically mediated communication (EMC) makes maintaining relationships online more difficult. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, our online communication has been advancing, so that some nonverbal cues, such as gestures and facial expressions, can be replicated in text conversations through emojis. Specifically, this study examined the role of emojis in providing emotional cues to reduce ambiguity, enhance positive affect, decrease negative affect, and increase feelings of social connectedness. Four separate ANCOVAs were conducted in order to explore the differences between emojis conditions (positive, negative, neutral, and no emojis) on the outcome variables while including current levels of psychological distress as a covariate. For each of the four models, there was at least one emoji condition that was statistically different than the others, suggesting that the inclusion of emojis had a significant impact on perceived ambiguity, changes in positive and negative affect, and feelings of connectedness. Additional pairwise t-tests demonstrated that the ambiguous text message was the clearest when it was accompanied by a positive emoji, when compared to both the negative and neutral emoji condition. The statements with a positive emoji, instead of no emoji, contributed to less of a decrease in positive affect. Additionally, the addition of each emoji had a unique impact on negative affect. Furthermore, positive emojis, when added to an ambiguous text message, contributed the most to feelings of connectedness when compared to the negative emoji, the neutral emoji, and no emoji conditions. Limitations and future directions are also discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Toxic schools? Teacher perceptions of indoor air quality and negative place attachment

The perception of indoor air quality (IAQ) in school buildings has garnered much attention. The self-reported experiences of teachers regarding the phenomenon of suffering from toxic IAQ was missing from scholarly work before the onset of the coronavirus. Toxic IAQ can be defined as the presence of toxic chemicals or compounds (including biological) in the air at levels that pose health risks and can affect a person's health, comfort, and performance (Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2018a).Since the onset of the pandemic, teachers are leaving the workforce in unprecedented numbers due to poor working conditions, unreasonable demands, and unrealistic expectations (Steiner & Woo, 2021). Addressing teacher retention is critical to stymie continuing teacher shortages and the adverse impact on students. This sequential mixed-methods study confronts the gap between place theory, specifically the negative emotional person-place bond, and perceived IAQ in public school buildings. Little research has been presented on the role the physical workplace has on teacher well-being and whether psychosociological environmental relationships can predict place attachment outcomes. The question of how teacher perceptions of IAQ relate to negative place attachment was explored using survey research of 242 educators in four public school districts in the Midwest. Survey data was collected April-May of 2021, with 13 follow-up purposive interviews, with the criteria of teachers' presenting negative place attachment feelings, during August 2021. The research revealed the more teachers realize their health concerns about toxic IAQ in their workplace, the more negative place attachment they feel. This involves the process of grieving, and feeling frustrated, angry, exhausted, and confused, like separation and divorce. When a teacher has crossed a threshold of divorced feelings toward the school building, they make choices: to stay employed, assigned to their building, feeling negative place attachment, ask to be reassigned, or leave. The two significant predictors of negative place attachment revealed through stepwise linear regression, were physical "healthy building" attributes and health concerns about the IEQ/IAQ in the school environment. Teachers' perceptions of aged buildings as being unhealthy, including the inoperability of classroom windows, aged carpet, and lack of ventilation were better understood by understanding what it means to occupy a workplace teachers perceive to have toxic IAQ. Employees with health conditions experienced feelings of being misunderstood, not taken seriously, and additionally faced a host of complicated social interactions with their administrators, co-workers, and family because of health ailments they attributed to their workplace. The study resulted in the creation of two new theoretic models: a revisiting of Tripartite Model of Place Attachment to include place detachment, the threshold crossed in absentia of any place attachment feelings, and an epidemiological model for addressing indoor air quality in schools and suggested interventions for practice. While these models help to develop methods, redress, and identification for negative place attachment due to indoor air quality, it was not possible to identify a consistent predictor of negative place attachment. This suggests that the themes identified in the interview process alongside a predictor model can help identify schools where intervention is essential. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Students' Emotions During Distance Education: The Role of Personality Factors and Sense of Coherence

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Swedish universities had to shift from face-to-face teaching to internet-based distant learning (DL). DL differs from classroom teaching and may have a negative impact on students' emotions while studying. Students' experiences related to DL may reflect their personality, resilience, that is, Sense of Coherence (SOC), and preference for the education method. In this study, students' emotions related to DL and the relationship between personality factors, SOC and positive and negative emotions related to DL were studied. One hundred ninety-seven university students filled in an online survey about positive and negative emotions related to DL, personality factors (Big-5), SOC, frequency of applying COVID-19 distancing measures, and frequency and freedom to choose DL. The survey was completed in March-April 2021 (Sample 1), when all lectures were delivered from a distance and in November 2021 (Sample 2), when lectures were on the campus. There were no differences between the frequency of negative and positive emotions. Agreeableness (Sample 1) and Neuroticism (Sample 2) correlated positively with negative emotions. SOC correlated negatively with negative emotions in Sample 2. In regression analyses of the combined data, Agreeableness was positively and Openness to Experience was negatively related to negative emotions. Agreeableness was negatively and Openness to Experience positively related to positive emotions related to forced DL. DL—even forced one—has both positive and negative effects on students' emotions. These effects depend on students' personality characteristics to some degree. SOC might reduce the negative effects of forced distance learning. © The Author(s) 2023.

Going through the lockdown: A longitudinal study on the psychological consequences of the coronavirus pandemic

Coronavirus 2019 pandemic lockdown in Italy lasted for 2 months, 1 week and 2 days. During this long period, one of the longest in Europe, the restrictions produced effects on people's psychological well-being, with consequences that also continued after lock- down. The purpose of the study is to investigate these effects and how they changed in the general population over a period of time. We are also interested in exploring people's post-lockdown anxiety and concerns. We conducted an online survey using snowball sampling techniques. The longitudinal study consisted of four administrations covering a period of 10 weeks between April (baseline) and June (last follow-up). Levels of anxiety and depression were assessed by GAD-7 and PHQ-9, coping strategies were assessed by Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS) and social support was assessed by MSPSS. Post-lockdown anxiety was explored by developing a set of ad-hoc questions. PCA was used to determine the principal categories of post-lockdown anxiety/concern resulting from the ad-hoc questions. Longitudinal data, given their nested structure, were analyzed through mixed modeling. Of the 411 responders at baseline, 169 had at least 3 out of 4 data points;the analysis was therefore conducted on this sample. Levels of depression and anxiety were found to be significantly higher in the study sample in comparison with normative samples for each of the four-time points;levels of coping showed that scores from the study sample were significantly lower than normative data at all-time points. Levels of perceived social support were significantly lower than normative data at the baseline and the first follow-up. The results of the study suggest that the lockdown experience had enduring consequences on the mental health of individuals. Prevention and support interventions to limit the psychological distress caused by COVID-19 should be taken into consideration in countries experiencing a second wave of the pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Activism in the time of COVID-19

In many countries, COVID-19 has amplified the health, economic and social inequities that motivate group-based collective action. We draw upon the SIRDE/IDEAS model of social change to explore how the pandemic might have affected complex reactions to social injustices. We argue that the virus elicits widespread negative emotions which are spread contagiously through social media due to increased social isolation caused by shelter-in-place directives. When an incident occurs which highlights systemic injustices, the prevailing negative emotional climate intensifies anger at these injustices as well as other emotions, which motivates participation in protest actions despite the obvious risk. We discuss how the pandemic might shape both normative and non-normative protests, including radical violent and destructive collective actions. We also discuss how separatism is being encouraged in some countries due to a lack of effective national leadership and speculate that this is partially the result of different patterns of social identification. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)